Cocoa percentage

The share of a bar that comes from the cocoa bean (cocoa solids + cocoa butter). Higher % usually means more intense, less sweet chocolate.

Cocoa solids

The non-fat part of the cocoa bean — this is what gives chocolate its colour, bitterness and flavour.

Cocoa butter

The natural fat of the cocoa bean. It gives chocolate its smooth melt and glossy snap.

Conching

A long mixing/grinding step that smooths the texture and mellows harsh flavours. More conching = silkier chocolate.

Couverture

High-quality chocolate with extra cocoa butter, used by chocolatiers for coating and moulding because it flows and sets beautifully.

Compound chocolate

A cheaper alternative that replaces cocoa butter with vegetable fat. Easier to work with, but less rich than real chocolate.

Single-origin

Chocolate made from beans grown in one country or region, so it expresses that place's distinct flavour — like coffee from a single estate.

Bean-to-bar

A maker who controls every step from raw cocoa bean to finished bar, rather than buying pre-made chocolate.

Praline

A filling of ground nuts (often hazelnuts) and sugar, sometimes blended into a smooth paste inside chocolates.

Ganache

A smooth blend of chocolate and cream, used as a truffle centre or filling.

Tempering

Carefully heating and cooling chocolate so it sets with a shiny finish and a crisp snap instead of dull streaks.

Ruby chocolate

A naturally pink chocolate made from specially processed ruby cocoa beans, with a fruity, slightly tart taste.

Nibs

Crushed pieces of roasted cocoa bean — crunchy, intense and unsweetened.

Tasting notes

The flavours you can detect beyond "chocolate" — fruity, floral, nutty, earthy, smoky — much like coffee tasting notes.

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